What does race have to do with it? The case for South Asians in public interest law

Recently, the incredible Rosetta Thurman included me on her wonderful list of 32 Nonprofit & Philanthropy Blogs Written by People of Color – and I was incredibly honored and surprised by this gesture! Thanks again, Rosetta! But what was even more surprising to me was being clearly identified as a person of color!

In all honesty, my life experience has not shaped me to identify myself as a “person of color.” I moved to the U.S. at a young age from India, and since then have lived in safe suburban neighborhoods in a diverse region populated with immigrants and people of all different racial and ethnic backgrounds. In fact, although my parents worked extremely hard to rise up in this country, I have grown up in relative economic and political privilege. I grew up in the U.S. largely after the waves of hostility towards Indian-American immigrants had passed. Before my time, Indian immigrants were being called “dot heads” and other derogatory terms; by the time I got into middle school, I felt very integrated into my community and never experienced any hints of prejudice (or perhaps I was oblivious to it).

While I have a significant appreciation for the richness of Indian culture and the values my background imparted on me, I never felt fully Indian. I always loved American music, movies, television, history, politics, and books. I lived in a state and a town where I was literally surrounded by tons of other Indian Americans also growing up with a similar mix of Indian and American influences. I’ve always considered myself an American, and never felt singled out or ‘different’ because of my race throughout high school and my undergraduate years. I read about racism, and heard claims that “white people don’t know how lucky they are to be white,” but I never saw this in my own experience. Strange, but true. I was lucky. I never felt alone in forging my own unique racial and cultural identity.

Until now, that is. After graduation, I’ve chosen to enter the field of public interest, human rights, and civil rights law — a field with a conspicuous absence of Asian and Indian Americans. At a number of legal and civil rights non-profits I’ve worked at, I’ve been the only Indian American individual. Traditionally, South Asian Americans have leaned heavily towards the fields of science, medicine, technology, math, engineering, and finance. Of course, this is changing, and we are increasingly seeing more and more South Asians entering the fields of public interest law and politics as well. To name a few – Bobby Jindal, Nikki Haley, Fareed Zakaria, Kamala Harris, Mallika Dutt, Akhil Reed Amar, and many many more. Still, there is notably a lack of South Asian Americans in the non-profit sector; I see very few Indian Americans leading non-profit law firms or legal aid agencies. Most seem to be joining politics or academia.

Still, this is perhaps the first time in my life I have felt like a minority. My experience thus may be very different from the experiences of many others on Rosetta’s list, but I think she is absolutely right to encourage people of color to join the non-profit field. In particular, when it comes to the legal arena, we need more South Asians and Asian Americans to join the fight for human rights. After all, in many areas within public interest law – such as immigrant and refugee rights, fair housing, domestic violence, criminal justice, farmworker rights – our clients are poor people of color. It only makes sense for some of their attorneys to have a shared experience as a person of color. As the South Asian population grows in the U.S., we are going to need more lawyers who understand their language and the immigrant experience.

Ultimately, I hope that I can join a growing number of South Asian Americans who are venturing into the field of public interest law and politics despite the pressures to join the science, tech or business fields. While I have never before felt like a ‘person of color,’ Rosetta’s list reminded me that I am one after all — and that it’s becoming increasingly important to encourage South Asians to join the movement for social change. As we see the rise of more South American men and women to prominent public interest legal positions, I think we’ll see a broadening of perceptions within the South Asian community and an expansion of opportunities, passions, and ultimately – greater diversity within the non-profit legal field.

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  • Unsettled Soul

    “While I have a significant appreciation for the richness of Indian culture and the values my background imparted on me, I also never really felt like a person of color. I always loved American music, movies, television, history, politics, and books.”

    I think it is interesting that you equate “non-American” with “person of color,” hence, American equals White. Or do you mean you have never “felt Indian?”

  • http://akhilak.com/blog Akhila

    Thanks for your comment. Writing about race is obviously a sensitive thing, and apparently something I'm not very good at yet! I've never written about this before, but I definitely do not equate non-American with person of color, and I'm sorry it came out that way. I definitely do not think that American equals white.

    I changed it in the post — but what I was trying to say, overall, was that because of my experience growing up in a very integrated community, I never felt like a 'minority' despite being Indian. I was always surrounded by other young people with similar mixtures of identity. I was trying to say that I never felt different, or like a minority, while growing up — but I do now in the field of law. Does that make sense?

  • a_singledrop

    I have to say that my experience definitely lines up with yours. The other two Asian ladies that I've worked with in the nonprofit sector have been a) an accountant and b) a scientist — which are both traditionally fields heavily dominated by Asians!

    My experience in medical school will obviously be different, since both South & East Asians tend to go into medicine, but I will be very interested to see how many of those trend towards more community-oriented fields over subspecialties. I'll keep you posted.

    And as always, thanks for the insightful and interesting post!

  • http://akhilak.com/blog Akhila

    Thanks for your insights, Emily. A lot of what I said is applicable not just to South Asians but to the Asian American community as a whole, as you've observed! As I said, in my current office, I don't think there are any Asians or Asian Americans other than myself! This is in the entire non-profit sector, I feel, but even more prevalent when you get to areas of non-profit that are related to domestic issues, or law. Even if you look at global health or engineering related non-profits, I feel like you will find more Asians. Maybe not, but this is my initial perception.

    There are definitely a lot of South & East Asians in medical school, as you mentioned. Actually, in the Northwestern 7 year med program, there are predominantly (definitely over 60%!) South Asian students. But as you mentioned, there will be a much smaller number going towards community or global medicine as compared to a more 'typical' path.

    A lot of this is, of course, because of the pressures within the Asian community to gain a position of power, and pursue something lucrative. There is also a bias towards science and math because those areas are considered more prestigious, perhaps? I'm still not sure why law is not a 'normal' path for Asians yet — it can be just as prestigious.

    Anyway, will be interesting to see your journey. You'll have to keep me posted as to your observations!

  • moredonors

    Nice blog! This is slightly off topic from this exact post, but you may be interested in the story of Eric Frimpong. I learned about it as an avid soccer fan and it breaks my heart. Do I know 100% that he is innocent? No. But all evidence seems to suggest such. Some links:
    http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/news/story?id=43…
    http://ericfrimpong.wordpress.com/

  • http://akhilak.com/blog Akhila

    Thank you! The Eric Frimpong story is fascinating, and very tragic. Reading the article, it definitely seems like he is innocent. The fact that he was tried and sentenced by an all-white jury is even worse. I don't know enough about jury selection, but I do know that an all-white jury is unconstitutional in many states. Some states still haven't reformed their rules, though, and permit all-white juries through some arcane methodology which really needs to be changed. This is such a clear case of racism and the utter failure of our justice system. Thank you so much for sharing..

  • http://bitesofnews.wordpress.com Pragya

    Wow. So we have a lot in common. I want to go into the non-profit sector. I'm also majoring in Economics. I totally just listened to Glee's versions of Madonna. (and I'm Indian)
    As for what you said about never feeling fully Indian, I felt that way for a while too. We had the fortunate experience of as you said “forging our identity”. Perhaps you don't outright define yourself as Indian, but I'm sure there are Indian elements or experiences that define you. Perhaps sitting through bollywood movies with your family, hearing your parents yell into the phone while speaking to relatives in India, how certain Indian foods evoke certain feelings… etc.
    I completely agree when you say it's time more South Asians pursue public-interest careers. I think the tides are shifting as we open our eyes to the myriad of career options. And another thing you should consider is that there are many South Asians who start out in the medical/science/finance field and then they take on public interest roles from within. I know a family friend who studied medicine but he's now an expert on health care and has been quoted in the NYT about medical health records databases. While he pursued a “typical” field, he did something unique and “for the greater good” with it.
    –Pragya

  • http://akhilak.com/blog Akhila

    Thank you for the post :) We do have a lot in common! Do you live in D.C.? I just moved there recently, and it's been great getting to know this city. I love it here.

    There are definitely Indian elements to me – I learned classical carnatic singing and I still love it. I love traveling to India, and I love my culture, food, and language although I may not be involved in it on a daily basis. I'm definitely Indian, but not only Indian — also American. I think a lot of South Asian Americans of our generation have this same experience.

    Thanks for bringing up the point that a lot of people start out in the corporate sector, or in the medical/science field and eventually find their way to public service and non-profit work. But I feel like especially in the legal field, the number of south asians is even less than in other fields. And this difference is even more stark when it comes to public interest or non-profit law. I suppose, at least in the organizations I work with, there are very few, if none, South Asians.

    Things are definitely changing, though. Many of my relatives + family friends who are South Asians are definitely using their talents for the greater good. And I'm glad to see it!

  • http://bitesofnews.wordpress.com Pragya

    Yeah I study at GW, but I'm spending my junior year in London. I won't be back in DC until next August. I loved DC, but after two years of exploring it I got a little bored. But I'm sure being in London will make me miss it a lot… I found so many amazing places there!

    Yeah I have to admit, I don't know much about non-profit law. It's exciting to be at the forefront of this shift, though. :]

  • http://akhilak.com/blog Akhila

    Where are you studying in London? How funny – I spent my entire junior year studying abroad at the London School of Economics! It was amazing! I hope you have a great time in London, it's such an amazing city. Do let me know if you have any questions about the UK or London, or traveling. I spent a whole year there as well so will be happy to help out. We have even more in common, now!

    Definitely exciting to be at the forefront of the shift. Stay strong, stick to your passion for social change and we'll come out winners! Just don't succumb to the pull of the corporate world, I tell you ;)

  • Bptalati

    Akhila,
    First, congrats on being named to this list. You are correct that South Asians are notably absent in the public interest arena. However, there are some great South Asian organizations such as SAALT, Sakhi, Manavi, etc. which were all founded by South Asians and worth looking into.

    Second, you are very lucky that you grew up after the wave of hostility towards Indian-Americans ended. I grew up during that time and it was not pleasant especially for us in New Jersey, where we lived in fear over the dot-busters gang in the 80's. Check out my blog post “Back from the Bar Exam” for more about my experience during that time. That experience is why many of us who lived through that time are so outraged by Joel Stein's article “My Own Private India” in Time Magazine, where he trashed Hinduism while discussing his stance on immigration in light of Arizona's SB 1070. I'd be interested in your take on that article.

    There are actually more South Asians involved in public interest work than you think. Quite a few work as staff attorneys for local ACLU chapters, legal aid organizations, and I know a few who are pro bono coordinators at law firms. It's just that they are outnumbered by the majority of South Asians who are doctors, pharmacists, engineers, IT, or in business. You should know too that there are some very generous doctors within the South Asian community who donate time to provide pro bono medical services including at free clinics in low-income communities.

    You may want to contact the DC Chapter of the South Asian Bar Association (SABA). The chapter in DC is actually very active. I know for a fact that SABANY in New York is heavily involved in public interest work and provides public interest scholarships/fellowships, etc.

  • Bptalati

    The story itself is interesting. All-white juries or all-one race of any kind juries are supposed to be unconsitutional. However, if the jury pool is a fair representation of the community in which the Defendant resides in, then it may pass constitutional muster. For example, if the Defendant lives in a county that is predominantly white, then an all-white jury would be a fair cross-representation of the community. This type of situation is common in the South. What is impermissible and a violation of the Defendant's rights is if the attorneys use their peremptory challenges during voi dire (jury selection) and exclude jurors based on race.

    Just a word of caution and advice – learn the facts before making conclusory statements such as “this is such a clear case of racism.” Sometimes in the law, things are not quite how they appear to be. The media hype and sensationalism makes these types of cases more race-based than they really are at times. Racializing certain cases stirs up emotions and increases viewership/ratings. The law is not quite as black and white – in fact, more gray than anything else and it's important to learn to be objective and set aside assumptions.

  • Bptalati

    Actually, more and more South Asian med students are going the traditional route first (in part to pay off the huge loans) but then are going into public health, public policy, etc. In my own family, one distant cousin is a doctor but is now in academia. Another distant cousin is a doctor and went back to school for her master's in public policy and is involved in health policy and I think she's in the DC area. I know a guy who majored in poli sci like me but went to med school and he was interested in going into public health.

    A lot of South Asians (and East Asians as well) do go into math/science fields due to parental/community pressure because math/science are considered prestigious AND safe. Rents just want their kids to have secure futures. Liberal arts has value but math/science is more concrete and since technology dominates the world right now, they are in-demand fields. Law is not a “normal” path because it is liberal arts to an extent. While it can be lucrative, the salary scales are largely self-reported, the employment data is terribly inaccurate, and the field is WAY too saturated because too many people go into law school either thinking they'll get rick quick or because they don't know what else to do or both.

  • http://akhilak.com/blog Akhila

    I agree that there is a lot of positive movement and that more and more young South Asians are joining public interest fields. Those organizations you mentioned are great examples of this shift. A quick question about the South Asian Bar Association — would you have to be a lawyer to join? I'm not a lawyer or law student at the moment so I imagine it might be hard to get involved. Thanks.

    I actually linked to your blog post in this blog when I was discussing the waves of hostility, if you haven't noticed, so I have definitely read your post on the matter. I'm sorry you had to grow up during that time, but I'm glad such sentiments have for the most part disappeared. I obviously didn't like the Joel Stein article and found it to be very offensive. At the same time, I think people of your generation understood it more — for me, many of the references just didn't apply, so I had a harder time relating to it.

  • http://akhilak.com/blog Akhila

    Thanks for the helpful breakdown of the law, and for the tips. When an all white jury tends to convict someone black of a crime, and when there seems to be evidence that the defendant is in fact not guilty, it does seem that race plays into it or maybe was even a major factor in the conviction. I suppose we can't say it was a clear act of racism, but I definitely think it's important to note the role race played in this case.

  • Bptalati

    Re: SABA – I don't know if you can join since you're not a lawyer or law student yet but it certainly would not hurt to contact SABA-DC and mention you're working for a public interest law firm and that you're interested in that type of work and you would like to meet attorneys that work in the public interest arena.

    I know that you certainly didn't have the experiences I had growing up as an Indian-American but I can honestly tell you that your perception of being a minority will dramatically change once you enter the legal field. You will definitely feel like a minority and that is why SABAs are great. It's nice to see other people who look like you and work in your field. They likely face similar professional issues as well as social/personal issues when it comes to working in the field as opposed to med/pharm/IT/engineering. These are the people who can understand what you're going through. If you're lucky, those more experienced attorneys may be willing to guide you. Law is still very much a “good old boys network” so it's crucial for minorities to find ways to network and develop contacts. Minority Bar Associations are one way.

    Us ABCDs put up with a lot and we hope that FOBs do not have to go through what we did…although anti-India sentiment is rising due to anger over outsourcing so it's possible that FOBs will now see what we remember from our childhoods.

  • Bptalati

    I went back and re-read about this story. It does seem that race played a role somehow…or it was because this occurred during a time when overly zealous prosecutors went after student-athletes (i.e. same time as Mr. Nifong and the Duke lacross team). The evidence is sketchy and really could go both ways…although I'm inclined to think he is innocent. As an attorney, I strongly feel that there seems to be at least some prosecutorial misconduct, violations of the ethics rules we are all bound by, and even some judicial misconduct by the judge. The fact that neither the prosecutor or the judge was disciplined by the CA Bar to my knowledge speaks volumes. I certainly hope they were disciplined.

    Do you think that when a mostly white jury aquits or finds a white defendant guilty of a lesser charge than murder (i.e. manslaughter or 2nd degree murder) that race also plays a role? I'm referring to the Oakland, CA BART trial where a white police officer allegedly tazed an African-American guy on the BART train.

  • http://akhilak.com/blog Akhila

    Unfortunately, I haven't read about the CA BART trial so I can't really comment on it. As you mentioned, there is no hard and fast rule to tell if there has been racism in a criminal trial even if an all white or mostly white jury is involved…. but it's definitely a possibility, correct? I think I'd have to know a lot more about the details of the case before providing any opinions on the matter!

  • http://akhilak.com/blog Akhila

    What you said about lawyers definitely makes sense. I suppose that since it falls in the liberal arts category it is not considered as prestigious. I find that interesting because I feel like for Americans (or those who have lived in America for a long long time) law is considered a pretty prestigious field. You see so many families with a long history of going into law and politics. It's also true that though law can be well paying for those from top schools, it's also the case that you can make a LOT more money by being a doctor (especially specializing) or investment banker. Plus being an investment banker does not really require a graduate degree which makes it even more attractive.

    Anyway, I think that for people of my generation, we are caring less about money and more about the work we are doing and the impact we are making on this world. For instance I know when I have kids, I hope they would follow in my footsteps so to speak as to get involved in activism, non-profit work, philanthropy & social justice. I'd definitely encourage this type of interest and work and I think many people of my generation will be doing the same.

  • http://akhilak.com/blog Akhila

    Thanks for the tip and advice! I will check out the organization and see if there are any networking possibilities!

  • Bptalati

    you're welcome! Definitely check out their website…they do networking events throughout the year. Like I said, their organization seems to be very active.

  • Bptalati

    very good…you are learning. And yes, it's definitely a possibility.